Biomedical Implications of the Integrity of Petroleum Pipeline-Infrastructure Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Pipeline infrastructure in the global petroleum industry has advanced rapidly over the last two decades, yet these developments are associated with notable and often underexamined biomedical and public health outcomes. This critical review evaluates the potential health implications of petroleum pipeline systems, focusing on corrosion failures, material degradation, leakages, emissions, and maintenance activities linked to both conventional and emerging technologies. Using Nigeria and other oil-producing regions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the United States as comparative case studies, the review synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence published between 2010 and 2024 associating pipeline operations with toxic chemical exposure, respiratory disorders, carcinogenic risks, reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, microbial contamination, and long-term ecological degradation. Data from oil-impacted communities in the Niger Delta (2015–2023) indicate elevated incidences of asthma, reduced pulmonary function, heavy metal accumulation, and adverse pregnancy outcomes among populations residing near pipeline corridors. Technological innovations introduced since 2015 including nanomaterial coatings, composite linings, smart sensors, and laser-based surface treatments enhance corrosion resistance and operational efficiency but may be linked to new biomedical risks through nanoparticle release, chemical leaching, and environmental persistence. The review identifies persistent gaps in regulatory enforcement, occupational health surveillance, and environmental monitoring, underscoring the need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches. By bridging engineering, toxicology, public health, and regulatory science, this work highlights opportunities to mitigate the biomedical burden associated with petroleum pipeline infrastructure in oil-rich regions worldwide.