A Comprehensive Review on Impact of Intensive Use of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater under Sugarcane Based Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

This study critically examines the impact of intensive nitrogen fertilizer use on nitrate contamination in groundwater within sugarcane-dominated cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, with a focus on Samastipur district, Bihar. The region’s sugarcane cultivation, characterized by high nutrient demand, necessitates substantial fertilizer application. This practice, combined with the area’s medium to high rainfall, exacerbates nitrate leaching and runoff, leading to significant groundwater contamination. Unlike existing studies that broadly address agricultural nitrate pollution, this paper uniquely synthesizes thematic analyses, including nitrate chemistry, environmental distribution, leaching processes, and health implications, alongside the effects on sugarcane quality. Novel insights are provided on the interplay between agricultural practices and environmental health, particularly concerning sugarcane cultivation's contribution to nitrate flux. The findings underscore the dire environmental and public health challenges posed by elevated nitrate levels, including methemoglobinemia, ecosystem degradation, and compromised agricultural productivity. Highlighting the inadequacies of current practices, the research advocates for sustainable solutions, such as precision fertilizer application, biological nitrogen sources, and enhanced irrigation management. This comprehensive review contributes valuable perspectives for policymakers, researchers and stakeholders aiming to mitigate nitrate pollution and ensure sustainable agricultural development in similar agrarian landscapes.