Decoding Tumor Drug Resistance: Present Status and Future Landscapes

Tumor drug resistance remains a significant challenge in cancer therapy, leading to treatment failure and disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms underlying drug resistance is crucial for developing effective strategies to overcome it. This review discusses the recent advances in the mechanisms of tumor drug resistance, including genetic and epigenetic alterations, the role of the tumor microenvironment, and cancer stem cells. It also explores the latest approaches to circumvent drug resistance, such as targeted therapies, combination treatments, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, immunotherapies, and epigenetic therapies. The review highlights the clinical implications of these advances and outlines future directions for research to improve patient outcomes.